#European civilization coursenotes free

An early example of the usage of hydraulic wheel, probably the earliest in Europe, is the Perachora wheel (3rd century BC). An example is a construction by Eupalinos, under a public contract, of a watering channel for Samos, the Tunnel of Eupalinos. In Ancient Greece, the Greeks constructed sophisticated water and hydraulic power systems. Large ancient reservoirs of Sri Lanka are Kalawewa (King Dhatusena), Parakrama Samudra (King Parakrama Bahu), Tisa Wewa (King Dutugamunu), Minneriya (King Mahasen) The coral on the massive rock at the site includes cisterns for collecting water. Macro- and micro-hydraulics to provide for domestic horticultural and agricultural needs, surface drainage and erosion control, ornamental and recreational water courses and retaining structures and also cooling systems were in place in Sigiriya, Sri Lanka. By the first century AD, several large-scale irrigation works had been completed. The discovery of the principle of the valve tower, or valve pit, (Bisokotuwa in Sinhalese) for regulating the escape of water is credited to ingenuity more than 2,000 years ago. In ancient Sri Lanka, hydraulics were widely used in the ancient kingdoms of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa. Zhang Heng was the first to employ hydraulics to provide motive power in rotating an armillary sphere for astronomical observation. Du Shi employed a waterwheel to power the bellows of a blast furnace producing cast iron. In ancient China there was Sunshu Ao (6th century BC), Ximen Bao (5th century BC), Du Shi (circa 31 AD), Zhang Heng (78 вЂ“ 139 AD), and Ma Jun (200 вЂ“ 265 AD), while medieval China had Su Song (1020 вЂ“ 1101 AD) and Shen Kuo (1031вЂ“1095). The earliest evidence of water wheels and watermills date back to the ancient Near East in the 4th century BC, specifically in the Persian Empire before 350В BCE, in the regions of Iraq, Iran, and Egypt. Several of Iran's large, ancient gardens were irrigated thanks to Qanats. They were also the inventors of the Qanat, an underground aqueduct. The project, commenced by Achaemenid king Darius the Great and finished by a group of Roman engineers captured by Sassanian king Shapur I, has been referred to by UNESCO as 'a masterpiece of creative genius'. In the Persian Empire, the Persians constructed an intricate system of water mills, canals and dams known as the Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System. Other early examples of water power include the Qanat system in ancient Persia and the Turpan water system in ancient Central Asia. Д®arly uses of water power date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, where irrigation has been used since the 6th millennium BC and water clocks had been used since the early 2nd millennium BC. The word 'hydraulics' originates from the Greek word бЅ‘ОґПЃО±П…О»О№ОєПЊП‚ ( hydraulikos) which in turn originates from бЅ•ОґП‰ПЃ ( hydor, Greek for water) and О±бЅђО»ПЊП‚ ( aulos, meaning pipe).

Its sub-field open-channel flow studies the flow in open channels.

#European civilization coursenotes free

ДЇree surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. The principles of hydraulics are in use naturally in the human body within the vascular system and erectile tissue. Hydraulic topics range through some parts of science and most of engineering modules, and cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control circuitry. In its fluid power applications, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the applied engineering using the properties of fluids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics, which concerns gases.

Hydraulics (from Greek: ОҐОґПЃО±П…О»О№ОєО®) is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. Illustration of hydraulic and hydrostatic, from the 'Table of Hydraulics and Hydrostatics', from CyclopГ¦dia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, edited by Ephraim Chambers, 1728, Vol.